Making the grade

For domestic installations, designers may detail what types of alarms should be installed and where and then provide the alarms specified. Ultimately, the approach taken must meet the recommendations of BS 5839-6:2019 Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems for Buildings Part 6: Code of Practice for the Design, Installation, Commissioning and Maintenance of Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems in Domestic Premises.

By way of providing some context, it’s important that the reader understands how standards, other guidance and legislation interplay to achieve the desired outcome of safe homes.

BS 5839-6 was published by the British Standards Institution (BSI). The domestic premises it mentions include single family accommodation, houses in multiple occupation (HMOs), sheltered housing and supported housing. The recommendations detailed apply to both new and existing domestic premises.

BS 5839-6 applies, therefore, to bungalows, multi-storey houses, individual flats, maisonettes, mobile homes, holiday homes, sheltered housing, mansions, shared houses and also those houses actively divided into several self-contained, single-family dwelling units.

However, BS 5839-6 doesn’t apply to hostels, caravans, boats (other than permanently moored boats employed as residential premises), the communal parts of blocks of flats or maisonettes or any non-domestic premises. The British Standard does apply, though, right across the whole of the UK.

Legislation landscape

For England and Wales, Part B Fire Safety (Means of Warning and Escape) detailed in Schedule 1 of the Building Regulations requires that ‘...a building is designed and constructed so that there are appropriate provisions for the early warning of fire and appropriate means of escape in case of fire from the building to a place of safety outside the building capable of being safely and effectively used at all material times.’ Similar legislation exists in Scotland and also in Northern Ireland.

It’s this requirement, in fact, that creates the need for appropriate guidance (more of which anon) for the minimum grade and category of system.

The first point of confusion arises due to the specific minimum requirements that exist within each part of the home nations. In England, Approved Document B (Volume 1) 2019 (as amended in 2020) provides guidance on the requirements of the Building Regulations 2010 for England. In Approved Document B, the minimum grade and category of system outlined is Grade D2, Category LD3.

In Wales, Approved Document B refers to a minimum grade and category of system of Grade D and Category LD3. The Welsh Approved Document B is slightly confusing in that it has been amended (in 2020), but does reference the most recent version of BS 5839-6.

In Scotland, the Building Standards Technical Handbook 2019: Domestic recommends that smoke alarms are installed in the principal habitable room, for every circulation space on each storey and also for every access room serving an inner room. Further, this document also recommends that a heat alarm is installed in every kitchen.

In effect, then, this means that the minimum grade and category of system is Grade D, Category LD2.

In Northern Ireland, Technical Booklet E outlines similar recommendations as those in Scotland. In practice, therefore, there’s a fair degree of room for a level of confusion to exist. As such, a consistent approach can be difficult to attain.

General approach to design

The majority of fatalities caused by fire occur in the home. In the year ending March 2020, there were 243 fire-related fatalities in England of which 199 occurred in dwellings. It’s also clear from the statistics that the elderly have a higher fire-related fatality rate. Further, elderly men are more likely to die in a fire scenario than elderly women.

From the statistics, it appears that a standard approach to the planning and design of fire detection and fire alarm systems is not ideal. To quote part of the commentary of Clause 4.1 in BS 5839-6: ‘...the design of any fire detection and fire alarm system installed in accordance with this part of BS 5839 needs to be based on a good understanding of fire risk in domestic premises.’

As part of the fire risk assessment, BS 5839-6 expects the designer to account for the probability of fire occurring, the injury or death of building occupants if a fire occurs, the system operating correctly at the time of the fire and early detection and warning of occupants in the event of any fire.

A standard approach to the grade and category of fire detection and fire alarm system in a dwelling takes no account of individual circumstances. Too often, there’s little thought given to the recommendations detailed in BS 5839-6 for different grades and categories of system. Clause 4.2(b) recommends that, where practicable, the design of the fire detection and fire alarm system should be based on some form of fire risk assessment. Further guidance is to be found in Annex A of BS 5839-6.

Table 1 in BS 5839-6 encapsulates a very helpful series of recommendations for the minimum grades and categories of system for most dwellings. This table affords a sensible starting point for judging whether the grade and category of system is appropriate, taking account of the fire risk assessment that should have been conducted by the designer.

Let’s look at an example. A contractor has been asked to rewire a residential premises. As part of such a process, it will be necessary to install a new fire detection and fire alarm system as recommended by BS 5839-6. The residents include people who are hard of hearing. A suitable fire risk assessment would have to take account of the nature of this disability. This would be a significant factor in the selection of appropriate alarms over and above the relevant smoke and heat alarms.

The issue that arises from a general approach to design is whether or not the installer is too reliant on the design capabilities of the manufacturer or housebuilder. You could also add-in whether they’re complying with the recommendations of BS 5839-6 when considering a specific dwelling.

Taking responsibility

Annex E of BS 5839-6 contains a model certificate for Grade C, Grade D and Grade F fire detection and fire alarm systems. This certificate should be issued for the design, installation and commissioning of fire detection and fire alarm systems. It should also be accompanied by an Electrical Installation Certificate conforming to the requirements of BS 7671.

The first part of the fire detection and fire alarm certificate should be completed by the designer. The certificate notes: ‘Where design, installation and commissioning are not all the responsibility of a single organisation or person, the relevant words should be deleted. The signatory of the certificate should sign only as confirmation that the work for which they have been responsible complies with the relevant recommendations of BS 5839-6:2019. A separate certificate should then be issued for other work.’

The following situations could arise. The contractor has carried out all work and all parts of the form are then signed accordingly or otherwise the manufacturer/housebuilder has designed the system and the contractor only installs and commissions that system. Where the second of these two scenarios materialises, it should be the case that two certificates are issued: one for design and one for installation and commissioning. However, it’s very often the case that the contractor will not receive a ‘design’ signature and he or she issues the completed certificate, incorrectly assuming responsibility for the design as well as for the installation and commissioning procedures.

The assumption of this responsibility where such design work has not been undertaken is unwise. Should a dispute subsequently arise, the certificate issued will have demonstrated ‘proof’ that the contractor has carried out all three elements (ie design, installation and commissioning) of the work involved.

Grade D systems

The Practical Guide to Grade D Fire Alarm Systems has been written to support electricians as they seek to understand their roles and responsibilities when designing, installing, commissioning and maintaining Grade D fire detection and fire alarm systems.

The book’s design and illustrations were completed by Alex Whitworth who has also taken care of the artwork for National Inspection Council for Electrical Installation Contracting (NICEIC) publications.

The idea for the book grew out of a need for the industry to demonstrate competence in light of the Grenfell Tower tragedy. The Hackitt Report rightly highlighted the concern that the industry had exhibited a ‘race to the bottom’-style mentality and arguably lost sight of the fundamental principle that people should not only be able to feel safe in their homes, but actually be safe in them at all times as well.

This book affords the reader (whether they’re a contractor, designer, landlord or housing manager) a clear understanding of their role and responsibilities, and also provides a suitable context in which all such work should be carried out. It’s written in a clear and concise style and covers all aspects relating to competence, fire risk assessment, design, installation, commissioning and maintenance.  

Tim Benstead MSc MIET MCIBSE is Managing Director of Tim Benstead Associates (www.timbensteadassociates.org)

*Tim Benstead is the former principal technical author of the NICEIC, a member of JPEL64, chair of JPEL64/B and a member of FSH12/1 (the British Standards Institution Committee that has been responsible for BS 5839-1 and BS 5839-6 for the last 15 years)

**For more information, or to purchase a copy of The Practical Guide to Grade D Fire Alarm Systems (priced at £19.95), visit the Docs-Store website at www.Docs-Store.co.uk